A Critique Of Research Conducted By Kathleen Kostos And...

Introduction This paper is a critique of research conducted by Kathleen Kostos and Eui-kyung Shin. The research article describing this research project is titled: Using Math Journals to Enhance Second Graders’ Communication of Mathematical Thinking (Kostos, 2010). In this study, math journals were used in Ms. Kostos’s second grade classroom to determine if their use would increase the student’s abilities to communicate their mathematical thinking. Research Problem Ms. Kostos is a second grade teacher. During her time as a teacher she has seen the math standards and expectations for students evolve from just getting an answer, to thinking about how a problem is solved and communicating that process to others, while using the†¦show more content†¦The research question is very clearly stated on page 224 of the article, â€Å"†¦the research question that guided this study was how the use of math journals affected the second grade students’ mathematical thinking through math communication† (Kostos, 2010). The researchers were able to pinpoint a problem and a possible solution for the evolving math standards. Ms. Kostos’s hypothesis included the idea that through writing in math journals, students would be able to express their thoughts and feelings about math and use these thoughts and feelings as a basis for better math communication among the teacher and their peers. It is evident in the artic le that a variety of literature was studied while researching this subject. The authors do an outstanding job of including the standards from the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), in a way that is organized and easy to understand. Other reputable sources are also sited. Methodology A mixed approach was used during this research study. The use of math communication skills in the classroom is complex and requires a wide variety of data and approaches to effectively study the topic. The idea of communication is best studied using a qualitative approach while progress in math skills is best shown through quantitative data. Combining both qualitative and quantitative approaches and using a mixed method approach for this study

Wilderness Tourism Marketing

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5574 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Dissertation Level High school Did you like this example? Promoting Wilderness Tourism Literature Review Introduction Behavioural research on the study on wilderness destination is a relatively new development in the ecotourism industry. Promoting place marketing has become increasingly important within the tourist industry (Kang-Li 2008). There has been limited work done on promoting wilderness as a place of tourism. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Wilderness Tourism Marketing | Leisure Management Dissertations" essay for you Create order This research project aims to identify whether experiential marketing would have a greater impact than traditional marketing and branding approaches in promoting wilderness in tourism. The literature review will explore the concepts of Tourism, Wilderness, Place Marketing and Experiential Marketing, looking at past and present literature from various scholars and academics who have conducted extensive research on these subject areas. Arguments identifying gaps that exist within the literature will be presented, exploring the extent to which experiential marketing would be different and/or more effective than traditional marketing approaches. The Evolution of Tourism and it’s relationship to Wilderness In the early 19th century, the term â€Å"tourism† was used to describe the movement of people for pleasure (Smith, 1989). It is also written that a more convincing origin to present day tourism is centred on the medieval pilgrimages. There is a distinct difference between pilgrimage and tourism. One is a religious activity and the other is a secular (Theilmann 1987). However, as years have passed, there have been further attempts to define the term â€Å"tourism†. The United Nations Statistical Commission has accepted the following definition recommended by the World Tourism Organisation (WTO), stating that tourism comprises: activities where people may travel to different places and stay away from their normal surroundings for not more than a year for leisure, business or any other purpose. (World Tourism Organisation, 1993). In a similar context in the UK the definition most often used was proposed by the Tourism Society in the early 1980’s: Tourism is de fined as destinations where people would travel for temporary or short-term stay away from their natural environment to live, work or engage in activities as day visits or excursions (Tourism Society, 1982) Similarly, Jafari, 1977 argues that tourism is about the study of man away from his natural habitat, where the industry responds to his needs, and there an impact is created by him and the industry on the host social-cultural, economic and physical environment. In a simplistic form the term tourism could be understood as movement of people for pleasure or work. From the evidence presented above would it can be concluded from the above definitions that tourism would seem to be: People who are away from their normal place of residence and will return back to their homes at some point in the future. Visits that are only temporary or short term, but are not longer than 12 months in duration. Inclusive of a day visit (excursion). Inclusive of absence from home on business rather than pleasure. The 1990’s increasingly saw the development of tourism in new areas. While the more traditional sightseeing tourism remains at the core of tourism around the world, there has been a significant diversification occurring, particularly within adventure tourism (Cloke and Perkins, 1998), nature-based tourism (Pearce and Wilson, 1995; Higham 1998) and events (Nicholson and Pearce, 2000). Literature shows that one particularly distinctive area of growth has been in natural area tourism (Burton 1998). This form of tourism is nature-based and primarily motivated by an interest in the environment (Burton 1998). Burton further argues that people seek refuge in nature-based tourism to escape from their day to day pressured life style. But, he writes that with the level of growth in nature-based tourism literature, has given way for individuals to misuse and overuse the terms ecotourism and natural based tourism. Creamer, 1995 adopts a framework to present a clear distinction bet ween nature based tourism and ecotourism as seen in figure 1. This framework has been interpreted by arguing that nature-based tourism consists of all forms of tourism which occur in a natural environment and that ecotourism is one form of this type of tourism. Although they are similar there is a distinct difference (Goodwin, 1996). The experience of ecotourism goes beyond just being in a natural environment. Griffith, 1993 argues that ecotourists have distinctive perceptions and beliefs relating to their experiences. This is a far cry from the Sunday picnic or the occasional bush walker. It has been argued that ecotourism has the ability to influence the direction of a tourist’s life. This distinction is seen when they return from an ecotourism experience gaining a new outlook.(Hunter 1994) In a similar vein Ziffer, 1989: 5–8; Ceballos-Lascurain, 1996: 22 and Boo, 1990: 10, have also echoed the same principles underpinning ecotourism. Nature-based tourism has b een distinguished into three main categories (Valentine, 1992: 110). Activities dependent on nature (i.e. bird-watching); activities enhanced by nature (i.e.camping); and activities where the natural setting is incidental (i.e. swimming). Adding to this framework, Duffus and Dearden (1990) defined these activities in terms of human and wildlife interaction. Similarly Goodwin, 1996: 287–288, argues that nature tourism includes the marketing of the natural elements to the tourists while enjoying the nature around them. Other arguments present ecotourism as a concept that definitions of integrated tourism giving emphasis particularly to nature conservation (Goodwin, 1996; Ceballos-Lascurain, 1996; Dowling, 1995a, b). Moreover the natural settings characterized in the definition of ecotourism were proclaimed to be similar to that of the concept of Wilderness Recreation in North America, (Boyd Butler, 1993: 11) or in other words, new name to an old activity (Wall, 1994: 4; Nel son, 1994: 248). Academic literature of wilderness exist within the discipline of tourism literature detailing about wilderness and the experiences that people have experienced during their visits. However, wilderness and the relating â€Å"sense of place† it evokes has not been investigated in-depth within the empirical research studies (Dawson, 2006). Managers of wilderness areas need to further understand and measure the relationships that tourists are developing or have already developed with the land area that they are managing. â€Å"Place† is defined as a physical location and a visitor’s subjective experience or relationship with the particular place. The concept of place has been subdivided into a variety of factors, such as place meanings, attachment, identity and dependence (Cheng et al. 2003). The term wilderness has been perceived differently by various scholars and academics. Some academics argue that wilderness is a conserved area where ther e is a limited presence of humans (Dawson, 2006). While others argue that it is place where people go to the wilderness for short or long hikes that last a day long, while another set of people who camp for several days using primitive means of travel and living (Chad, 2006). At one time, the earth was just a place of wild. The natural environment of wind, fire and rain was operating without the interference by any human influence. The earth was a global wilderness. Today, questions have risen on what is wilderness, how much of it needs to be preserved and should it be managed. Wilderness has achieved a reputation of being a highly valuable resource to many countries.(Stankey 1989) Wilderness has commonly been used in the context of the Bible (Nash 1974). Nash reports that the term wilderness appears in the bible nearly 300 times both in the Old and New Testaments. He continues to report that the term was used as a synonym for â€Å"desert† and â€Å"waste† with the same Hebrew or Greek root. Wilderness has been described as having had three physical characteristics. (1) virtually inhabited. (2) deserted and dry and (3) they were large areas. Human survival in the wilderness was difficult (Stankey 1989). Nash further reports that the wilderness was used to describe in the bible as a place where God’s blessings were absent; paradise and wilderness was a contract to each other. The story of the Garden of Eden stated in the Bible captures this theme explicitly. Nash writes, â€Å"The story of the Garden and it’s loss, imbedded into Western thought the idea that wilderness and paradise were both physical and spiritual opposites† The book of Genesis in the Bible reveals the early Christina idea of the relationship that transpired between man and nature. White (1967), argues that based on the qualities that were developed from the relationship between man and nature, Christianity was the most â€Å"anthropocentric† religion. Furthermore,White argues, â€Å"in great measure, God’s transcendence of nature. . . . Christianity, in absolute contrast to ancient paganism and Asia’s religions . . . not only established a dualism of man and nature, but also insisted that it is God’s will that man exploit nature for his proper ends.† This type of perspective created negative and exploitative thoughts about nature and wilderness among humans. However, it is argued that Christianity also fostered counter perspectives, which have led to our modem views from where wilderness would be have been originated (Stankey 1989). The experience of the Promised Land mentioned in the Biblical context has helped develop a tradition of going to the wilderness. Reasons for going to the wilderness have been determined to get freedom and a purification of spiritual-values. This may have possibly led to the present-day legislative definition for wilderness. Tuan (1974), writes â€Å"For the ascetics the desert was in effect at once the haunt of demons and the realm of bliss in harmony with the creaturely world.’ However, the Judeo-Christian defined wilderness as a cursed land, evil places and a place where water was not present (Dilworth 2006). Dilworth further argues in this context, the paradox of wilderness was evil, it was a necessary evil, also where you could be closer to God, a refuge and testing ground. On the other hand, the Puritan tradition wilderness was understood as a threat to survival, and the ability to survive in the wilderness would make you in favour of God. However, the Utilitarian view of nature was cultivation and civilization instead of using the term wilderness. This was necessary as it would be a land useful in a practical sense as well as to be in favour of God (Nash 2001). Nash further argues from a Romantic and Transcendentalist era. He writes, wilderness was looked in a more positive sense. The Romantic era brought man â€Å"an enthusiasm for the strange, remote, solitary and mysterious† (Nash, 2001, p. 47). On the other hand the Transcendentalist eras, gave emphasis to the spiritual quality of the wilderness experience. This experience brought humans closer to God and the importance of material things. From the above arguments it seems evident that the definition of wilderness is very much fluid in the sense that there does not seem to be one single definition which can clearly explain the term wilderness. Sigurd Olson, in the early 20th century further expanded on the definition of wilderness – is escaping from a mans everyday difficult life and gaining freedom from â€Å"tyranny of wires, bells, schedules, and pressing responsibilities† (Olson and Backes 2001). This definition was further refined by the Wilderness Act of 1964. They defined wilderness as an undeveloped Federal land maintaining its character of the early years and the influence, without any lasting improvements or human habitation while it being a place that has generally been affects by the forces of nature. It also has an â€Å"outstanding opportunities for solitude or a primitive and unconfined type of recreation†. On the other hand culturally, it has been defined as any natural areas, to the â€Å"Urban† wilderness (Dilworth 2006). Evidently, it seems that Wilderness means different things to different people. Dilworth 2006, recently conducted a study on the meaning of wilderness based on images of the wilderness. His sample was students. The study revealed that based on the images the students viewed they defined wilderness as primarily with natural landscapes lacking human sign, particularly mountains, lakes, and forests. The questions would then arise as to what do you mean by the terms; mountains, lakes and forests? The debate would seem to be endless !! Increasingly, popular adventure recreation activities such as rock climbing, mountain-eering and remote-area trekking most often take place in the wilderness. Most often commercial packing of this type of recreation in the wilderness is coloured with fundamental irony (Eric, Linda et al. 1998). Wilderness business range from skill-building schools to eco and ethno tourism adventures (Eric, Linda et al. 1998). For example in Thailand back-pack trotting adventures (Cohen, 1989). This type of adventurous excursions and activities are positive, enjoyable experiences for participants (Arnould and Price 1993). The commercial offering of Wilderness as a tourist attraction means converting wilderness into a commodity to be marketed as a tourist attraction. Wilderness tourism requires human intervention. This would mean ensuring the wilderness is evaluated, managed, regulated and controlled (Eric, Linda et al. 1998). Therefore, the comodification of wilderness would require the intervention of a communication medium which would attract visitors of the wilderness for tourism. Creating a memorable lasting experience would be the challenge for wilderness managers and marketers. Place and city marketing has been one of the most interesting research topics which have grown in the last 20 – 30 years (Metaxas 2005). Much of the marketing literature over the years have sited on the impact that marketing has had on the global Tourism industry (Palmer and Bejou 1995; Mark and Robert 2002; Theobald 2005; Alistair 2006). Within the marketing literature, â€Å"Place Marketing† has grown rapidly among cities globally and especially in Europe who use different promotional policies to support images of their cities to gain competitive advantage (Metaxas 2005). Promoting the wilderness experience within the place marketing literature has been limited although marketing of island tourism, alpine tourism and adventure tours have developed (Tuohino). As mentioned above, comodification of wilderness is a challenge for marketers. A greater challenge would be the comodification of wilderness as a â€Å"sense of place†. The next section of the literature will seek to explore the idea of place and place marketing and it’s relevance to wilderness tourism. Place Marketing as an opportunity for Wilderness Tourism The concept of place is often related to the adjective â€Å"safe†. But there could be negative feelings also attached to that place (Tuohino). Tuan (1974) defines â€Å"topophilia† as a place which one belongs to and has a sense of belongingness. On the other hand â€Å"topofobia† (Tuan 1974) is defined as negative feelings – aversion or fear. Tuan, further argues that feelings such as fear being connected to a place will remain in the human mind as well as in the environment. Similarly, â€Å"placelessness† is defined as where the environment does not recognise place. Furthermore it does not take into consideration the meaning of places (Tuan 1974; Relph 1976). A â€Å"Sense of Place† has been one of the important concepts of human geography (Tuohino). Tuan in the 1970’s introduced this concept within the geography literature. The concept of â€Å"Sense of Place† has been determined as a social concept and as an individua l value or phenomenon (Tuohino). This concept has been sited in many of the tourism literature in the recent years. To quote Tuan (1974), ‘people demonstrate their sense of place when they apply their moral and aesthetic discernment to sites and locations†. In other words â€Å"Sense of Place† is the connection that man would have with a place. Hence, it could be argued that is an important development for tourist and developers of tourism. Place marketing has become an important policy goal for most governments (Kang-Li 2008). Kotler (2002), claimed that the concept of place marketing of a city is considered as a market-oriented product. Ashworth and Voogd (1993) argue that place marketing is where the local activities of a particular location will work together to meet the customers needs. On the other hand Gold and Ward (1994) claim that place marketing is all about creating a positive and attractive image of the place. On the other hand it is argued that Place Marketing is about locality-based strategy to reimage and restructure local economies (Demaziere and Wilson 1996). Furthermore it is argued that Place Marketing is about â€Å"the strategic manipulation of image and culture clearly provides a strong basis for coalition building†(Hall and Hubbard 1996). From the arguments presented, place marketing seems somewhat similar to running a business but ensuring the required facilities, services and visions for further developments are presented. Tourism as an industry, especially cultural tourism has been fully integrated into place marketing (Stabler, 1990). Holden (2000), argues that negative impacts of tourism development can harm the local communities of a place by: misuse of resources, negative behaviour and pollution of the environment. Therefore it is important that place marketing ensures it develops cultural tourism strategies keeping in mind the external factors that can harm and hinder, while satisfying the cust omers (Kang-Li 2008). Wilderness managers strive to provide a quality experience to all visitors (Dvorak and Borrie 2007). This has lead to the need to incorporate a relationship aspect in the planning and management framework. These experiences are not one off transactions. These are relationships which develop over a period of time between the visitor and the setting (Borrie and Roggenbuck 2001). There is also other aspects that have an effect on the relationship / experience a visitor would have with the wilderness setting. These factors are cultural and social forces, social institutions and the lives of visitors. These factors do change and this has an effect on the wilderness experience (Dvorak and Borrie 2007). Psychology and marketing research have provided some insight in support of this wilderness relationship (Berry 1995). One key aspect to this relationship is that the visitor tends to accumulate an experience with a particular place that associates to a certain id entity. Over a period of time the visitor develops a certain loyalty towards this particular area / place (Dvorak and Borrie 2007). It is argued that this relationship built over a period of time becomes something of an individuals culture, expressions and defining who he was and hopes to be. It is this relationship / experiences that managers/marketer of wilderness tourism would find as a challenge in promoting and sustaining. What means are available to marketers in promoting and sustaining this experience? The next section of this paper will argue how place marketing could be integrated into a wilderness marketing experience through the idea of experiential marketing. Marketing Wilderness Experiences The evolution of the philosophy of marketing management has moved from production concept, product concept, selling concept, marketing concept, societal marketing concept to relationship marketing concept. Traditionally marketing has viewed customers as being rational decision markers who care mainly about the features and benefits of the product and service they purchase (Schmitt 1999). An integral part of the marketing mix is the element of promotions better known as marketing communications. Marketing communications is a mode by which marketers / firms attempt to inform, persuade, incite and remind customers about their product or service they sell (Poul Houman 2001). This is one area in marketing which has evolved and changed dramatically over the last 20 – 30 years (Kevin Lane 2001). This has resulted in firms faced with the challenge of designing, implementing and evaluating their communication campaigns which are unique and competitive. In other words campaigns whi ch create a unique customer experience (Mark and Robert 2002). Today the concept of selling experiences is spreading beyond theatres and theme parks. Pine and Gilmore, (1998) claim that experience is not an amorphous construct, but is as real an offering like any other service, product or commodity. Stage experiences occur when a company goes beyond the offering of a good and service by engaging with the customer to create a memorable event. Experiences have always been at the heart of tourism and entertainment (Tsaur, Chiu et al. 2007). For example Walt Disney and his company took the industry by storm with creative interactions with customers. At theme restaurants such as Hard Rock Cafà ©, Planet Hollywood the food is just a prop for what is known as â€Å"eatertainment†. But experiences are not just about the pure experience that a customer may encounter (Pine and Gilmore 1998). Company’s stages an experience were they could engage with customers to present i t in a memorable way. Experience is everywhere. Companies have moved from the traditional â€Å"features and benefits† marketing towards customers encountering an experience (Schmitt 1999). To get a grasp of the concept of experiential marketing, Schmitt (1999) presented an argument comparing principles that underpin the traditional marketing approach and the experiential marketing approach. As discussed above (Schmitt 1999) argues that the traditional marketing is all about customers being rational decision makers who care about the feature and benefits. However, experiential marketing is viewing consumers as rational and emotional human beings concerned about experiencing a holistic consumption experience. Further (Schmitt 1999) claims that this shift has occurred due to omnipresence of information technology, the supremacy of brand and the ubiquity of communications and entertainment. This argument was echoed by (Pine and Gilmore 1998) when they claimed that leading- edge companies whether they sell to companies or consumers will be facing the competitive battlefield of â€Å"staging experiences† as presented above. Along with this trend, some companies adopted this concept of experiential marketing to gain competitive advantage such as Apple(Randall 2003), DaimlerChrysler (Tanya and Karl 2003), PG (Jack 2004) and IMG(Barry 2005). Sky, Nike and Strongbow are companies who have in recent years adopted the concept of experiential marketing. But some firms still remain sceptical (Mark 2007). Andy Bellass, of Splendid communication agency argues that experiential marketing has â€Å"come of age†. Bellass explains that it is becoming increasingly difficult to build relationships with customers when you are standing outside. Advertising is not dead, yet, until the circle of experience marketing is complete – getting people to experience the brand, agencies are standing outside (Mark 2007). The biggest problem being that the def inition of experiential marketing has flaws and it lies at the roots. Marketing Director of Sledge understands experiential marketing as a â€Å"medium that is focused on creating one-to-one experiences that engage consumers in deeper and more memorable ways†. Others understand it as integrating brands to people’s life styles and adding value to create an experience with the brand rather than having any interruptions. Going further some feel that the definition is becoming broader by the day. However, in saying all this, it seems apparent that traditional communication agencies are nervous how company budgets are being reallocated in favour of experiential marketing techniques (Mark 2007). For instance, research showed that 68% of companies were spending more on experiential marketing in 2005 than they did in 2004 (Mark 2007). Based on the evidence presented, it would seem although there is scepticism, budgets being allocated to experiential marketing techniques means that there is some form of success in this concept in practice. It has been acknowledged that customers are driven emotionally and rationally (Schmitt 1999). People want products and services that render a certain experience. Tourism has been a pioneer example of the experience economy (Quan and Wang 2004). The nature of the travel and tourism product is intangible. What does a consumer expect or get when they visit a tourist location? These experiences are actual. How would companies promote these locations/places? Place marketing has seen it’s relationships to experiential marketing. Echoing on what has already being discussed, experience comes from direct interaction/observation in an event. The core of experiential marketing is about creating an experience for the customer. Accordingly, the experience marketing trends of â€Å"experiences, cultural marketing and ecological landscape† seems to have become the core for this concept (Kang-Li 2008). Based o n this, Kang claims that these factors can evoke a consumers motivation and feelings of certain meaningful attachments, while these features and styles need to be preserved and enhanced. So far the review has demonstrated the relationship that experience marketing has had / have with tourism and place marketing. However, there seems to be a gap in the tourism literature on how this concept could be used to promote wilderness in tourism? Ability to creating that â€Å"Sense of Place† and relationship with the wilderness, seems to be limited. Empirical studies have been done on what are the key drivers that motivate people to visit major wilderness areas. However, further research needs to be done on promotional strategies for creating that wilderness tourism marketing experience (Mabunda) Over the years, psychologists and market researchers have attempted to develop techniques and methodologies to explore customer experience (2006). Understanding consumer attitudes and b ehaviour have not always been easy for marketing researchers (Athinodoros and Ronald 2002). Psychologists view attitudes as a two step process : an antecedent stimulus followed by an evaluative reaction.(Adel 2003) In their paper (Pine and Gilmore 1998), argue the importance of economic progress. They convey their thoughts by way of the following figure. Their thinking on this topic of Experience Economy argues that whether companies are selling to individual customers or organisations, they will find that the next competitive challenge is â€Å"Stage Experiences†. How does â€Å"stage experiences† influence the promotion of wilderness in tourism? Does it create a greater impact on marketing of wilderness in tourism? Summary The aim of the research project is to evaluate if experiential marketing would have a great impact than tradition marketing and branding approaches in promoting wilderness as a tourist destination. The literature review provided a rationale for this main aim, whereby the outcome included in the review illustrated the need for further research in the area of wilderness in tourism marketing. The first section of the literature review focus on the evolution of tourism. The review demonstrated that there is a high level of evidence on defining the term tourism. However, it was evident that the term â€Å"tourism† in its simplest form was understood as people moving to different places for the purpose of pleasure or work. It was noted that in the 1990’s tourism evolved to a high level of definition. Evidence was presented that tourism diversified into adventure tourism, nature based tourism and events. Through the years it was noted that nature based tourism has grow n extensively within the tourism literature. Nature based tourism was understood as being primarily motivated by the interest in the environment (Burton, 1998) It was further argued that the Nature Based Tourisms and eco tourism although similar in nature had a distinctive difference. Although it was argued that ecotourism was some form of nature based tourism. (Goodwin, 1996) Much of the literature demonstrated that visitors of natural environments(ecotourism) would gain a new perspective or experience. (Hunter 1994, Ziffer, 1989: 5–8; Ceballos-Lascurain, 1996: 22 and Boo, 1990: 10) Moreover the literature review provided evidence to show that ecotourism was proclaimed to similar to that of the concept of Wilderness Recreation in North America. (Boyd Butler, 1993: 11) In stating these factors a gap in the literature demonstrated that little empirical studies were done on wilderness and the relating â€Å"sense of place†. Literature review then moved on to explore the concept of wilderness. Literature revealed that the term Wilderness was originated initially in the context of the bible. (Nash 1974) The term wilderness evolved from the eras of Christianity, (Nash 1974), to Judeo-Christian (Dilworth 2006), to Puritan tradition, to Utilitarian view, to Romantic and Transcendentalist. (Nash 2001). It was evident that none of the definitions were complimentary to each other. The conclusion gained from the evidence presented was that there was no single definition for wilderness as it meant different things to different people. A recent study proved this thinking. A study on images of wilderness revealed that the sample of students understood wilderness as natural landscapes lacking human sign, particularly mountains, lakes, and forests. The question was then raised, what are mountains, lakes and forests? This debate seems to be endless! Next the literature revealed that popular adventure activities often took place in the wilderness. Eviden ce proved that visitors on these adventurous excursions and activities always have a positive and enjoyable experience. (Arnould and Price 1993) It was noted that making these activities to commercial packages needed a carefully thought of marketing campaign as wilderness tourism has a human intervention. The greatest challenge all marketers of Wilderness would experience is the ability to comodify the idea of wilderness in tourism to ensure a memorable lasting experience. To explore the idea of comodification of wilderness experience, it was prudent to first understand the concept of marketing and its evolution. The next section of this literature review demonstrated this aspect of the subject area. Place marketing needs to be included. It was understood that traditionally marketing was viewed as customers being rational decision makers. They mainly cared about features and benefits of a product or service they purchased. It has been noted that the promotional element better known as marketing communications has played a major role in this conversion of features to benefit thinking. However it was presented that this element has had a rapid evolution over the years. (Kevin Lane 2001). The focus has been to develop marketing communication campaigns that would create a unique customer experience. (Mark and Robert 2002) The idea of Experience Economy was introduced in the last decade by (Pine and Gilmore 1998). They argue that this experience economy will find out that the next challenge is Stage Experience – where the company goes beyond customer’s expectations by ensuring the customers engages with the product or the service to experience something of a memorable event. This type of experience was pioneered within the tourism and entertainment industry. An example was Disney World. (Tsaur, Chiu et al. 2007) Furthermore the paper presented an argument comparing the principles underpinning traditional marketing and experiential marketing sited by Schmitt (1999). His argument was that traditional marketing is about customers caring about features and benefits where as experiential marketing was all about a holistic consumption experience. Although research showed that companies are spending more on experiential marketing techniques, the definition and understanding the concept was still fluid in the minds of most. The paper then went on to discuss about place marketing and the role it has played in t he tourism industry. It was identified that tourism is all about place marketing as it is intangible and is an actual experience. Over years place marketing has played a prominenet role in promoting tourism of all sorts. However, empirical evidence was not present in how wilde rness has been promoted to create a last memorable experience. It is this gap in literature that has led to the need to further research the possibility of using experiential marketing in promoting Wilderness in Tourism. References (2006). FT.com site : Part One: The rise of experiential marketing. FT.com: 1. Adel, M. A. (2003). A deeper look at the attitude-behavior consistency assumption in information systems satisfaction research. The Journal of Computer Information Systems 44(1): 57. Alistair, W. (2006). Tourism and hospitality marketing: fantasy, feeling and fun. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 18(6): 482. Arnould, E. J. and L. L. Price (1993). River magic: extraordinary experience and the extended service encounter. Journal of Consumer Research 20: 24-25. Athinodoros, C. and H. Ronald (2002). Theory building for experiential consumption: The use of the phenomenological tradition to analyze international tourism. American Marketing Association. Conference Proceedings 13: 318. Barry, J. (2005). 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The Service Industries Journal 18(3): 90. Hall, T. and P. Hubbard (1996). The entrepreneurial city:New urban politics, new urban geographies. Progress in Hum an Geography 20(2): 153 174. Jack, N. (2004). PG plays catch up, turns to experiential marketing. Advertising Age 75(32): 10. Kang-Li, W. (2008). Developing a Paradigm and Strategies for Sustainable Place Marketing: The Experience of Taiwan. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge 13(1): 45. Kevin Lane, K. (2001). Mastering the Marketing Communications Mix: Micro and Macro Perspectives on Integrated Marketing Communication Programs. Journal of Marketing Management 17: 819-847. Mark, A. M. and A. O. Robert (2002). Consumer experience tourism and brand bonding. The Journal of Product and Brand Management 11(1): 30. Mark, J. (2007). Has experiential marketing matured? Campaign: 19. Metaxas, T. (2005). Marketing Research and target market segmentation in Place Marketing Procedues: A structural analysis. 11: 47-60. Nash, R., Ed. (2001). Wilderness and the American mind. New Haven, Yale University Press. Nash, R. F. (1974). Wilderness and the American m ind. Yale U.P, New Haven [etc.]. Olson, S. F. and D. Backes (2001). The meaning of wilderness essential articles and speeches. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press. Palmer, A. and D. Bejou (1995). Tourism destination marketing alliances. Annals of Tourism Research 22(3): 616-629. Pine, I. I. B. J. and J. H. Gilmore (1998). WELCOME TO THE EXPERIENCE ECONOMY. Harvard Business Review 76(4): 97-105. Poul Houman, A. (2001). Relationship development and marketing communication: An integrative model. The Journal of Business Industrial Marketing 16(3): 167. Quan, S. and N. Wang (2004). Towards a structural model of the tourist experience: an illustration from food experiences in tourism. Tourism Management 25(3): 297 305. Randall, R. (2003). Plenty to learn from Apples near-perfect iTunes store. Advertising Age 74(23): 22. Relph, E. (1976). Place and Placelessness. London, Pion. Schmitt, B. (1999). Experiential Marketing. Journal of Marketing Management 15(1- 3): 53-67. STANKEY, G. H. (1989). Beyond the Campfire’s Light:Historical Roots of the Wilderness Concept. Natural Resources Journal 29: 9-29. Tanya, I. and G. Karl (2003). Chrysler, Mercedes take show on the road. Adweek 44(17): 8. Theilmann, J. M. (1987). Medieval Pilgrims and the Origins of Tourism. The Journal of Popular Culture 20(4): 93-102. Theobald, W. F. (2005). Global tourism. Oxford, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Tsaur, S.-H., Y.-T. Chiu, et al. (2007). The Visitors Behavioral Consequences of Experiential Marketing: An Empirical Study on Taipei Zoo. Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing 21: 47-64. Tuan, Y.-f. (1974). Topophilia: a study of environmental perception, attitudes, and values. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall. Tuohino, A. 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Sampling Free Essays

Sampling Samplingis that portion ofstatisticalpractice concerned with the choice of an indifferent orrandomsubset of single observations within a population of persons intended to give some cognition about thepopulationof concern, particularly for the intents of doing anticipations based onstatistical illation. Sampling is an of import facet ofdata collection.AL The three chief advantages of trying are that the cost is lower, informations aggregation is faster, and since the information set is smaller it is possible to guarantee homogeneousness and to better the truth and quality of the informations. We will write a custom essay sample on Sampling or any similar topic only for you Order Now Eachobservationmeasures one or more belongingss ( such as weight, location, colour ) of discernible organic structures distinguished as independent objects or persons. Insurvey sampling, study weights can be applied to the informations to set for thesample design. Results fromprobability theoryandstatistical theoryare employed to steer pattern. Procedure The sampling procedure comprises several phases: * Specifying the population of concern * Stipulating asampling frame, asetof points or events possible to mensurate * Stipulating asampling methodfor choosing points or events from the frame * Determining the sample size * Implementing the sampling program * Sampling and informations roll uping * Reviewing the sampling procedure Population definition Successful statistical pattern is based on focussed job definition. In trying, this includes specifying thepopulationfrom which our sample is drawn. A population can be defined as including all people or points with the characteristic one want to understand. Because there is really seldom adequate clip or money to garner information from everyone or everything in a population, the end becomes happening a representative sample ( or subset ) of that population. Although the population of involvement frequently consists of physical objects, sometimes we need to try over clip, infinite, or some combination of these dimensions. For case, an probe of supermarket staffing could analyze check-out procedure line length at assorted times, or a survey on endangered penguins might take to understand their use of assorted runing evidences over clip. For the clip dimension, the focal point may be on periods or distinct occasions. Sampling frame In the most straightforward instance, such as the sentencing of a batch of stuff from production ( credence sampling by tonss ) , it is possible to place and mensurate every individual point in the population and to include any one of them in our sample. However, in the more general instance this is non possible. There is no manner to place all rats in the set of all rats. Not all frames explicitly list population elements. For illustration, a street map can be used as a frame for a door-to-door study ; although it does n’t demo single houses, we can choose streets from the map and so see all houses on those streets. The sampling frame must be representative of the population and this is a inquiry outside the range of statistical theory demanding the judgement of experts in the peculiar capable affair being studied. All the above frames omit some people who will vote at the following election and incorporate some people who will non ; some frames will incorporate multiple records for the same individual. Peoples non in the frame have no chance of being sampled. Statistical theory Tells us about the uncertainnesss in generalizing from a sample to the frame. In generalizing from frame to population, its function is motivational and implicative. A frame may besides supply extra ‘auxiliary information ‘ about its elements ; when this information is related to variables or groups of involvement, it may be used to better study design. Probability and non chance trying Aprobability samplingscheme is one in which every unit in the population has a opportunity ( greater than zero ) of being selected in the sample, and this chance can be accurately determined. The combination of these traits makes it possible to bring forth indifferent estimations of population sums, by burdening sampled units harmonizing to their chance of choice. Probability trying includes: Simple Random Sampling, Systematic Sampling, and Stratified Sampling, Probability Proportional to Size Sampling, and Cluster or Multistage Sampling. These assorted ways of chance trying have two things in common: 1. Every component has a known nonzero chance of being sampled and 2. Involves random choice at some point. Nonprobability samplingis any sampling method where some elements of the population havenochance of choice, or where the chance of choice ca n’t be accurately determined. It involves the choice of elements based on premises sing the population of involvement, which forms the standard for choice. Hence, because the choice of elements is nonrandom, nonprobability sampling does non let the appraisal of trying mistakes. These conditions place bounds on how much information a sample can supply about the population. Information about the relationship between sample and population is limited, doing it hard to generalize from the sample to the population. Nonprobability Sampling includes: Accidental Sampling, Quota SamplingandPurposive Sampling. In add-on, nonresponse effects may turnanyprobability design into a nonprobability design if the features of nonresponse are non good understood, since nonresponse efficaciously modifies each component ‘s chance of being sampled. Sampling methods Within any of the types of frame identified above, a assortment of trying methods can be employed, separately or in combination. Factors normally act uponing the pick between these designs include: * Nature and quality of the frame * Availability of subsidiary information about units on the frame * Accuracy demands, and the demand to mensurate truth * Whether detailed analysis of the sample is expected * Cost/operational concerns Simple random trying In asimple random sample ( ‘SRS ‘ ) of a given size, all such subsets of the frame are given an equal chance. Each component of the frame therefore has an equal chance of choice: the frame is non subdivided or partitioned. Furthermore, any givenpairof elements has the same opportunity of choice as any other such brace ( and likewise for three-base hits, and so on ) . This minimises prejudice and simplifies analysis of consequences. In peculiar, the discrepancy between single consequences within the sample is a good index of discrepancy in the overall population, which makes it comparatively easy to gauge the truth of consequences. However, SRS can be vulnerable to trying mistake because the entropy of the choice may ensue in a sample that does n’t reflect the make-up of the population. For case, a simple random sample of 10 people from a given state willon averageproduce five work forces and five adult females, but any given test is likely to overrepresent one sex and underrepresent the other. SRS may besides be cumbrous and boring when trying from an remarkably big mark population. In some instances, research workers are interested in research inquiries specific to subgroups of the population. For illustration, research workers might be interested in analyzing whether cognitive ability as a forecaster of occupation public presentation is every bit applicable across racial groups. SRS can non suit the demands of research workers in this state of affairs because it does non supply subsamples of the population. Systematic sampling Systematic samplingrelies on set uping the mark population harmonizing to some telling strategy and so choosing elements at regular intervals through that ordered list. Systematic trying involves a random start and so returns with the choice of everykth component from so onwards. In this instance, k= ( population size/sample size ) . It is of import that the starting point is non automatically the first in the list, but is alternatively indiscriminately chosen from within the first to thekth component in the list. Equally long as the get downing point israndomized, systematic sampling is a type ofprobability sampling. It is easy to implement and thestratificationinduced can do it efficient, ifthe variable by which the list is ordered is correlated with the variable of involvement. However, systematic sampling is particularly vulnerable to cyclicities in the list. If cyclicity is present and the period is a multiple or factor of the interval used, the sample is particularly likely to beunrepresentative of the overall population, doing the strategy less accurate than simple random sampling. Another drawback of systematic sampling is that even in scenarios where it is more accurate than SRS, its theoretical belongingss make it hard toquantifythat truth. Systematic sampling is an EPS method, because all elements have the same chance of choice. Stratified sampling Where the population embraces a figure of distinguishable classs, the frame can be organized by these classs into separate â€Å" strata. † Each stratum is so sampled as an independent sub-population, out of which single elements can be indiscriminately selected. There are several possible benefits to stratified sampling. First, spliting the population into distinguishable, independent strata can enable research workers to pull illations about specific subgroups that may be lost in a more generalised random sample. Second, using a graded sampling method can take to more efficient statistical estimations ( provided that strata are selected based upon relevancy to the standard in inquiry, alternatively of handiness of the samples ) . Even if a graded sampling attack does non take to increased statistical efficiency, such a maneuver will non ensue in less efficiency than would simple random sampling, provided that each stratum is relative to the group ‘s size in the population. Third, it is sometimes the instance that informations are more readily available for single, preexistent strata within a population than for the overall population ; in such instances, utilizing a graded sampling attack may be more convenient than aggregating informations across groups ( though this may potentially be at odds with the antecedently noted importance of using criterion-relevant strata ) . Finally, since each stratum is treated as an independent population, different trying attacks can be applied to different strata, potentially enabling research workers to utilize the attack best suited ( or most cost-efficient ) for each identified subgroup within the population. A graded sampling attack is most effectual when three conditions are met 1. Variability within strata are minimized 2. Variability between strata are maximized 3. The variables upon which the population is stratified are strongly correlated with the coveted dependant variable. Advantages over other trying methods 1. Focuss on of import subpopulations and ignores irrelevant 1s. 2. Allows usage of different trying techniques for different subpopulations. 3. Improves the accuracy/efficiency of appraisal. 4. Licenses greater reconciliation of statistical power of trials of differences between strata by trying equal Numberss from strata changing widely in size. Disadvantages 1. Requires choice of relevant stratification variables which can be hard. 2. Is non utile when there are no homogenous subgroups. 3. Can be expensive to implement. Probability proportional to size sampling In some instances the sample interior decorator has entree to an â€Å" subsidiary variable † or â€Å" size step † , believed to be correlated to the variable of involvement, for each component in the population. This information can be used to better truth in sample design. One option is to utilize the subsidiary variable as a footing for stratification, as discussed above. Another option is probability-proportional-to-size ( ‘PPS ‘ ) sampling, in which the choice chance for each component is set to be relative to its size step, up to a upper limit of 1. In a simple PPS design, these choice chances can so be used as the footing forPoisson trying. However, this has the drawbacks of variable sample size, and different parts of the population may still be over- or under-represented due to opportunity fluctuation in choices. To turn to this job, PPS may be combined with a systematic attack. The PPS attack can better truth for a given sample size by concentrating sample on big elements that have the greatest impact on population estimations. PPS sampling is normally used for studies of concerns, where component size varies greatly and subsidiary information is frequently available – for case, a study trying to mensurate the figure of guest-nights spent in hotels might utilize each hotel ‘s figure of suites as an subsidiary variable. In some instances, an older measuring of the variable of involvement can be used as an subsidiary variable when trying to bring forth more current estimations. Bunch trying Sometimes it is cheaper to ‘cluster ‘ the sample in some manner e.g. by choosing respondents from certain countries merely, or certain time-periods merely. ( About all samples are in some sense ‘clustered ‘ in clip – although this is seldom taken into history in the analysis. ) Cluster samplingis an illustration of ‘two-stage trying ‘ or ‘multistage trying ‘ : in the first phase a sample of countries is chosen ; in the 2nd phase a sample of respondentswithinthose countries is selected. This can cut down travel and other administrative costs. It besides means that one does non necessitate asampling framelisting all elements in the mark population. Alternatively, bunchs can be chosen from a cluster-level frame, with an element-level frame created merely for the selected bunchs. Cluster trying by and large increases the variableness of sample estimations above that of simple random sampling, depending on how the bunchs differ between themselves, as compared with the within-cluster fluctuation. However, some of the disadvantages of bunch trying are the trust of sample estimation preciseness on the existent bunchs chosen. If bunchs chosen are biased in a certain manner, illations drawn about population parametric quantities from these sample estimations will be far off from being accurate. Matched random trying A method of delegating participants to groups in which brace of participants are foremost matched on some characteristic and so separately assigned indiscriminately to groups. The process for matched random sampling can be briefed with the following contexts, * Two samples in which the members are clearly paired, or are matched explicitly by the research worker. For illustration, IQ measurings or braces of indistinguishable twins. * Those samples in which the same property, or variable, is measured twice on each topic, under different fortunes. Normally called perennial steps. Examples include the times of a group of jocks for 1500m before and after a hebdomad of particular preparation ; the milk outputs of cattles before and after being fed a peculiar diet. Quota trying Inquota sampling, the population is foremost segmented intomutually exclusivesub-groups, merely as instratified sampling. Then judgement is used to choose the topics or units from each section based on a specified proportion. For illustration, an interviewer may be told to try 200 females and 300 males between the age of 45 and 60. It is this 2nd measure which makes the technique one of non-probability sampling. In quota trying the choice of the sample is non-random. For illustration interviewers might be tempted to interview those who look most helpful. The job is that these samples may be biased because non everyone gets a opportunity of choice. This random component is its greatest failing and quota versus chance has been a affair of contention for many old ages Convenience sampling Convenience samplingis a type of nonprobability trying which involves the sample being drawn from that portion of the population which is close to manus. That is, a sample population selected because it is readily available and convenient. The research worker utilizing such a sample can non scientifically do generalisations about the entire population from this sample because it would non be representative plenty. For illustration, if the interviewer was to carry on such a study at a shopping centre early in the forenoon on a given twenty-four hours, the people that he/she could interview would be limited to those given there at that given clip, which would non stand for the positions of other members of society in such an country, if the study was to be conducted at different times of twenty-four hours and several times per hebdomad. This type of trying is most utile for pilot proving. Several of import considerations for research workers utilizing convenience samples include: * Are at that place controls within the research design or experiment which can function to decrease the impact of a non-random, convenience sample whereby guaranting the consequences will be more representative of the population? * Is at that place good ground to believe that a peculiar convenience sample would or should react or act otherwise than a random sample from the same population? * Is the inquiry being asked by the research 1 that can adequately be answered utilizing a convenience sample? Panel sampling Panel samplingis the method of first choosing a group of participants through a random trying method and so inquiring that group for the same information once more several times over a period of clip. Therefore, each participant is given the same study or interview at two or more clip points ; each period of informations aggregation is called a â€Å" moving ridge † . This trying methodological analysis is frequently chosen for big graduated table or nation-wide surveies in order to estimate alterations in the population with respect to any figure of variables from chronic unwellness to occupation emphasis to weekly nutrient outgos. Panel sampling can besides be used to inform research workers about within-person wellness alterations due to age or aid explicate alterations in uninterrupted dependent variables such as bridal interaction. There have been several proposed methods of analysing panel sample informations, including MANOVA, growing curves, and structural equation pat terning with lagged effects. Replacement of selected units Sampling strategies may bewithout replacementorwith replacing. For illustration, if we catch fish, mensurate them, and instantly return them to the H2O before go oning with the sample, this is a WR design, because we might stop up catching and mensurating the same fish more than one time. However, if we do non return the fish to the H2O ( e.g. if we eat the fish ) , this becomes a WOR design. Formulas Where the frame and population are indistinguishable, statistical theory outputs exact recommendations onsample size. However, where it is non straightforward to specify a frame representative of the population, it is more of import to understand thecause systemof which the population are results and to guarantee that all beginnings of fluctuation are embraced in the frame. Large Numberss of observations are of no value if major beginnings of fluctuation are neglected in the survey. In other words, it is taking a sample group that matches the study class and is easy to study. Research Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journalthat provides an account of Cochran ‘s expression. A treatment and illustration of sample size expressions, including the expression for seting the sample size for smaller populations, is included. A tabular array is provided that can be used to choose the sample size for a research job based on three alpha degrees and a set mistake rate. Stairss for utilizing sample size tabular arraies 1. Contend the consequence size of involvement, ? , and ? . 2. Check sample size tabular array 1. Choose the tabular array matching to the selected ? 2. Locate the row matching to the coveted power 3. Locate the column matching to the estimated consequence size 4. The intersection of the column and row is the minimal sample size required. Sampling and informations aggregation Good informations aggregation involves: * Following the defined sampling procedure * Keeping the information in clip order * Noting remarks and other contextual events * Recording non-responses Most sampling books and documents written by non-statisticians focused merely in the informations aggregation facet, which is merely a little though of import portion of the sampling procedure. Mistakes in research There are ever mistakes in a research. By trying, the entire mistakes can be classified into trying mistakes and non-sampling mistakes. Sampling mistake Sampling mistakes are caused by trying design. It includes: ( 1 ) Choice mistake: Incorrect choice chances are used.( 2 ) Appraisal mistake: Biased parametric quantity estimation because of the elements in these samples. Non-sampling mistake Non-sampling mistakes are caused by the errors in informations processing. It includes: ( 1 ) Overcoverage: Inclusion of informations from exterior of the population.( 2 ) Undercoverage: Sampling frame does non include elements in the population.( 3 ) Measurement mistake: The respondents misunderstand the inquiry.( 4 ) Processing mistake: Mistakes in informations cryptography. In many state of affairss the sample fraction may be varied by stratum and informations will hold to be weighted to right stand for the population. Thus for illustration, a simple random sample of persons in the United Kingdom might include some in distant Scots islands who would be extraordinarily expensive to try. A cheaper method would be to utilize a graded sample with urban and rural strata. The rural sample could be under-represented in the sample, but weighted up suitably in the analysis to counterbalance. More by and large, informations should normally be weighted if the sample design does non give each person an equal opportunity of being selected. For case, when families have equal choice chances but one individual is interviewed from within each family, this gives people from big families a smaller opportunity of being interviewed. This can be accounted for utilizing study weights. Similarly, families with more than one telephone line have a greater opportunity of being selected in a random figure dialing sample, and weights can set for this. How to cite Sampling, Essay examples

The New Healthcare Facility Poinciana Regional Hospital Essay Sample free essay sample

Poinciana Regional Hospital ( PRH ) is the new wellness attention installation with a full service 200 bed for- net income wellness attention organisation. Twenty-four hours exigency room services will be provided. The services offered will concentrate on grownup attention. This installation will be employee the best doctors for the most hard Cancer. Throughout this paper. a elaborate organisational chart for PRH will be provided. every bit good as the mission. vision. and values statement. The processs that govern the hospital- doctor and physician- patient relationship and the referral services that will be offered will be described. In add-on. a equal reappraisal system will be created. Finally. a outline of how HMO insurance will be handled will be provided. Poinciana Regional Hospital ( PRH ) Organizational Chart Mission. vision. and values statement for Poinciana Regional Hospital Mission Statementâ€Å"The mission of Poinciana Regional Hospital ( PRH ) is to supply the highest quality health-care services to the communities ; we serve in a compassionate and lovingness environment. We will write a custom essay sample on The New Healthcare Facility: Poinciana Regional Hospital Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page PRH is the place of integrative and compassionate malignant neoplastic disease attention. We neer stop seeking for and supplying powerful and advanced therapies to mend the whole individual. better quality of life and reconstruct hope â€Å" . Vision StatementPRH will separate itself as a leader in redefining health-care bringing and will be recognized for the passion of its people and spouses in supplying quality. advanced attention to the patients. ValuessService* We strive to expect and run into the demands of our patients. doctors and colleagues. Patient First* We strive to present the best to every patient every twenty-four hours. The patient is our first precedence in everything we do. Integrity* We communicate openly and candidly. construct trust and behavior ourselves harmonizing to the highest ethical criterions. and ethical motives. Respect* We treat each person. those we serve and those with whom we work. with the highest professionalism and self-respect. Hospital-physician and Physician-patient relationship Harmonizing to Showalter ( 2012 ) . † The responsibility of a infirmary is to hold its employees use the same sensible degree of attention as that practiced in similar infirmaries. Patients in PRH are entitled to the attention that their conditions require. To turn out a breach of this responsibility the complainant must normally bring forth adept testimony about how similar clinicians and hospital dainty this sort of case† ( p. 126 ) . â€Å"Under the theory of respondeat superior. the employer is apt for the Acts of the Apostless of its employees because the employer controlled the agencies and methods of the employee’s work. So. a doctor can be held apt for carelessness of he or she is an employee of the infirmary or is represented as an agent of the hospital† ( Showalter. 2012 ) â€Å"Under the philosophy of corporate liability. PRH owes a legal responsibility to the patient and the responsibility is non transferred to the medical staff or other forces. Physicians and establishments have a responsibility to warn patients of known hazards when giving a medical device. This includes informing patients of hazards that became known after the device was given. † ( Showalter. 2012 ) . PRH have a corporate responsibility to hold a follow proper regulations. ordinances. or systems in topographic point when indicated by recognized professional criterions. PRH can be held apt for breach of an bing regulation by jurisprudence. ordinance. or accreditation criterion. In add-on. the failure to hold appropriate regulations necessary for patient safety may be corporate carelessness. A physician with staff privileges at a infirmary agrees to a doctor/patient relationship with whom of all time comes into the infirmary. Physician’s on-call to handle exigency patients are under a responsibility to handle patients ( Miller. 2010 ) . â€Å"A defendant doctor may be found apt for medical malpractice if the complainant patient can set up that there was in fact a patient-physician relationship ; that the doctor breached ( i. e. . violated or departed from ) the recognized criterion of medical attention in the intervention of the patient ; that the patient suffered an hurt for which he or she should be compensated ; and that the physician’s misdemeanor of the criterion of attention was the cause of the injury† ( Showalter. 2012 ) . Medical malpractice dominates the headlines. but a more basic legal inquiry affecting medical attention is t he affirmatory responsibility. if any. to supply medical intervention. Doctor has no responsibility to accept a patient. regardless of the badness of the unwellness. A physician’s relationship with a patient was understood to be a voluntary. contracted one. Once the relationship was established. the doctor was under a legal duty to supply medical intervention and was a fiducial in this regard. Once the physician-patient relationship exists. the doctor can be held apt for an knowing refusal of attention or intervention. under the theory of Abandonment. When a intervention relationship exists. the physician must supply all necessary intervention to a patient unless the relationship is ended by the patient or by the doctor. provided that the physician gives the patient sufficient notice to seek another beginning of medical attention ( Russell. 2000 ) . In Poinciana Regional Hospital to travel frontward with a malpractice suit. a patient must be prepared to turn out all four Ds of carelessness listed by The American Medical Association ( AMA ) : 1. Duty. Patients must demo that a physician-patient relationship existed in which the doctor owed the patient a responsibility. 2. Derelict. Patients must demo that the doctor failed to follow with the criterions of the profession. For illustration. a gynaecologist has routinely taken Pap vilifications of a patient and so. for whatever ground. does non make so. If the patient so shows grounds of cervical malignant neoplastic disease. the doctor could be said to hold been creaky. 3. Direct cause. Patients must demo that any amendss were a direct cause of a physician’s breach of responsibility. For illustration. if a patient fell on the pavement and damaged her dramatis personae. she could non turn out that the dramatis personae was damaged because it was falsely or ill applied by her doctor. It would be clear that the harm to the dramatis personae resulted from the autumn. If. nevertheless. the patient’s leg healed falsely because of the manner the dramatis personae had been applied. she might hold a instance. 4. Damagess. Patients must turn out that they suffered hurt. Referral ServicesPoinciana Regional Hospital is committed to supplying our community with local entree to an expansive scope of up to day of the month interventions for malignant neoplastic disease. A comprehensive scope of referral services are available. Referral services include the latest in diagnostic engineerings. comprehensive medical and radiation therapies and entree to the broadest scope of clinical tests available. The centre besides houses the Center for Integrative Care. which offers a host of complementary therapies ( massage. stylostixis. mending touch. Reiki ) designed to assist the whole person-body. head and spirit. Diagnostic Radiology The Imaging Department plays a critical function in naming and handling malignant neoplastic disease. The hospital’s radiotherapists have province of the art equipment to utilize in doing diagnosings. including: * PET Scanner* Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI )* CT scans* atomic medical specialty* mammography Post MastectomyOur plan helps breast malignant neoplastic disease patients successfully complete their recovery after surgery and restart their former work and recreational activities. Working with skilled healers. patients can increase motion in and usage of their weaponries and shoulders and forestall farther development of cicatrix tissue or adhesions. Most significantly. the therapy helps to diminish hurting and stiffness Rehabilitation Servicess The Poinciana infirmary offers a comprehensive scope of inmate and outpatient rehabilitation services to assist malignant neoplastic disease patients with their recovery. Patients may have therapy from one or more subjects. The staff aid patients with a assortment of conditions. such as failing related to lymphoma. neurological shortages caused by encephalon or spinal cord tumours. and speech shortages caused by tumours in the pharynx. Oncology patients who are significantly limited by hurting have entree to the Mapleton Center’s Pain Management Program. Social Work Clinical societal workers assist with emotional. economic and societal demands associated with malignant neoplastic disease intervention and aid happen available community resources. Breast Health NavigatorThe Breast Health Navigator helps breast malignant neoplastic disease patients and their households maneuver successfully through the wellness attention system. Our Breast Health Navigator is a trained oncology nurse who provides emotional support and helps guide patients through their chest malignant neoplastic disease intervention. from diagnosing to recovery and beyond. The Breast Health Navigator can urge resources and supply referrals to societal workers. psychologists. support and medical staff. Peer Review System Peer-review. the critical rating of patient attention by professional co-workers. is the duty of the Medical Staff to develop a formal equal reappraisal policy in order to better the overall quality of attention and to increase the engagement of the Medical Staff in the go oning development of safe. first-class attention ( Showalter. 2012 ) . Participants in the reappraisal procedure include the Department chairs and members. A equal is defined as a individual or individuals who have tantamount preparation and instruction as the individual under position. For equal reappraisal intents. MD and DO grades are considered equals. Cases are referred for Peer Review to the MD Reviewers or designees. Bases of indexs are established by several Departments. The Peer Reviewer will reexamine all referred instances. If the instance was appropriate and criterion of attention was met. it will be so celebrated with any remarks on the Peer Review Activity Report. and returned to the Quality Managemen t/Utilization Review section in a timely mode. If there is a inquiry or concern about the instance. the inquiry or concern will be noted on the Peer Review Activity Report. and referred to the several section for reappraisal. The involved doctor will be notified in progress of the meeting that his/her instance will be discussed to help in the reappraisal and receive immediate feedback ( Campbell. 2011 ) . Medical staff duties critical to effectual inadvertence of the equal reappraisal procedure include ( Showalter. 2012 ) : * Standardizing and organizing the instance reappraisal procedure to guarantee dependability. * Ensuring consistent reading of physician public presentation informations. * Choosing relevant physician steps for all public presentation dimensions or general competences. * Guaranting that informations is consistently collected and analyzed. * Guaranting that identified public presentation betterment chances are addressed. * Ensuring handiness of physician public presentation informations for feedback and reappoi ntment. * Prioritizing the usage of resources for mensurating physician public presentation. Today the two work manus in manus. and peer reappraisal best direction patterns are emerging that infirmaries need to see. Obviously. the base-line of best patterns is for the infirmary and peer reappraisal to run into all mandated province and Federal Torahs and to follow declared infirmary policy. every bit good as the guidelines documented in its equal reappraisal manual. Clinical Peer Process Flow HMO InsuranceHealth Maintenance Organization Network of wellness attention suppliers includes physicians. infirmaries. pharmaceuticss and other medical installations and professionals. The web works together to pull off the quality and cost of each member’s wellness attention ( Bihari. 2010 ) . Each HMO wellness insurance member selects a Primary Care Physician ( PCP ) from a directory of take parting doctors in the countries of general pattern. household pattern. internal medical specialty or paediatricss. The PCP will organize all of the member’s wellness attention demands. If the PCP can efficaciously supply attention. he will. If he determines a specializer is needed. he will mention the member to a Participating Specialist in the HMO wellness web. A patient must have a referral from a doctor before sing a specializer outside the supplier web. HMOs operate on a postpaid footing. doing monthly capitation ( i. e. . per patient ) payments to take parting doctors and physician groups. Members enjoy lower out-of-pocket-expenses compared to traditional Indemnity medical insurance. Visits to the doctor’s office. infirmary charges and many other medical attention disbursals are covered at 100 % after a little copayment. Generally. prescription drugs. everyday physicals. lab trials. vision tests. well-baby attention and pregnancy visits are covered. Make non necessitate to pay an one-year deductible before services are covered. No life-time upper limit ( Bihari. 2010 ) . DecisionThe patient-physician relationship is cardinal to supplying and having first-class attention. to the healing procedure and to improved results. Most medical carelessness instances arise out of the infirmary context. wherein a patient is treated at the infirmary by a doctor who is either an employee of the infirmary or a staff doctor. Over the last 30 old ages or so. the â€Å"liability envelope† has expanded significantly. with unsusceptibility going disused and fresh theories of liability being applied to enforce liability on infirmaries for both direct and vicarious liability. A equal reappraisal is a retrospective rating of public presentation or unwanted results to find if the recognized criterions of attention were met. and to urge quality betterments if they were non. The Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986 provides discreet probes for a physician’s public presentation to guarantee one is run intoing the recognized criterions of attention. HMOs provide medical intervention on a postpaid footing. which means that HMO members pay a fixed monthly fee. regardless of how much medical attention is needed in a given month. In return for this fee. most HMOs provide a broad assortment of medical services. from office visits to hospitalization and surgery. With a few exclusions. HMO members must have their medical intervention from doctors and installations within the HMO web. The size of this web varies depending on the single HMO. Mentions Bihari. M. ( 2010. April 15 ) . What are the differences between health maintenance organization and ppos? . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //healthinsurance. about. com/od/understandingmanagedcare/a/HMOs_vs_PPOs. htm Campbell. A. ( 2011. July 28 ) . Tip of the hebdomad: Critical duties for effectual inadvertence of the equal reappraisal procedure. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. hcpro. com/MSL-269092-871/Tip-of-the-week-Critical-responsibilities-for-effective-oversight-of-the-peer-review-process. html Miller. P. ( 2010. July 8 ) . Legal ordinance of the physician–patient relationship. Retrieved from